Water used for crop irrigation is often of insufficient quality in the Mediterranean region, where sea water invades the porous karst matrix and salinizes Sources of soil and water. Measuring the productivity of horticultural crops under saline conditions helps decide if and when crops should be irrigated if water is saline, thus balancing crop water and salt stress. To examine the effects of saline irrigation water on (Vicia faba L.) biomass and yield parameters, a greenhouse pot experiment was set up.NaCl salinity was applied as follows: After 15 days from irrigation, plants were subjected to graded levels of salinity: 0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl, applied in stepwise daily increments to avoid induction of salt shock to the seedlings. Height of Plant (cm), The number of lateral branches , number of( leaves, pods, seeds) per plant, shoot weight (g), is correlated with an increase in stressed plant photosynthetic pigments. five weeks after salinity therapy, the weight of the pod (g) and the weight of the seed (g) were determined. Increased irrigation water salinity statistically significantly decreased the calculated parameters (P<0.05) relative to regulation , except for the number of branches and pods. Salinity is associated with an increase in photosynthetic pigments in stressed plants. The productivity of Vicia faba has decreased in proportion to the degree of salinity of irrigation water

The salinity of irrigation water is a serious problem facing crop plants in the Mediterranean region, where plants are exposed to high temperatures and severe shortage of water in the dry season. So, this study was carried out in order to test the effects of five different salinity levels of sodium chloride (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mM) on seed germination and early seedling growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Fifty homogenous and cleaned seeds were germinated in Petri dishes inthree replicates. The salt stress decreased seed germination, the response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to salt stress and water stress was evaluated at the germination stage. The severe reduction in germination percentage and particularly germination speed with prolonged lag period by moderate salinity level at 100 mM NaCl, suggests that Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a salt-sensitive species during germination. Salinity reduced germination uniformity and germination synchrony and might delay start of germination but accelerates its termination with a consequent shortening of the time spread of germination. The recovery percentage was lo wer but speed of recovery was higher compared with the corresponding parameters of the control seeds. Recovery percentage was slightly improved with increasing in the concentration of NaCl.

Salinization is increasing on a global scale, and tolerance to salinity during germination is critical for the establishment of plants and growing in saline soil. Seed was investigated. Laboratory experiment with completely randomized design comprising three replicates in Petri dishes was conducted. In each petri-dish fifty seeds were placed. to determine the salt effects on A laboratory experiment was carried out to assess the germination and early seedling growth response to salinity stress of, which are common medicinal species in Libya. Seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) were treated with various concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150,200 and 300 mM L1). control was moistened with ten milliliters of distilled water. The salt stress decreased seed germination the response of Trigonella foenum-graecum to salt stress and water stress was evaluated at the germination stage. The severe reduction in germination percentage and particularly germination speed with prolonged lag period by moderate salinity level of 100 mM NaCl, suggests that Fenugreek is a salt-sensitive species during germination. Salinity reduced germination uniformity and germination synchrony and might delay start of germination but accelerates its termination with a consequent shortening of the time spread of germination. The recovery percentage was lower but speed of recovery was higher compared with the corresponding parameters of non-treated seeds. Recovery percentage was slightly improved with the increase in the level of salinity pretreatment.

Swallowwort (Cynanchum acutum L., family Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial invasive species of profound medicinal potentiality. The spread of C. acutum in diverse habitats differing in water status and extent of salinity might point to appreciable resistance of the plant to drought and salt stress. The response of C. acutum to water stress under controlled nutrient supply on sand culture was investigated to assess the effect of water status of the soil on plant use efficiency of water and nutrients. Plants were subjected to water regime (% field capacity) of: 100, 35, 25, 12.5 and 5 for 10 days in a greenhouse. Whereas plant fresh weight was reduced under the impact of water stress, dry weight exhibited its maximum under moderate drought and this was associated with the allocation of greater proportions of plant biomass to root and stem at the expense of leaves. The increase in photosynthetic pigments of stressed plants is related to the drought-induced P deprivation. The rates of photosynthesis and transpiration and the stomatal conductance were progressively inhibited under drought stress; but sub-stomatal CO 2 concentration showed a minimum at 12.5% field capacity. Soluble sugars and starch were deprived whereas proline was accumulated in the leaves under drought stress. Drought stress affected the uptake and partitioning of minerals within the plant and increased use efficiency of water and minerals, particularly P

• Cereal and its products can be contaminated with fungi in the field, during drying, processing, transportation and subsequent storage, which may lead to secretion of mycotoxins under favourable condition. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of some fungi associated with four kinds of Libyan food products of different trademarks. Twenty four (24) samples of couscous, macaroni, wheat flour and rice regularly used for human consumption by Libyan family were collected from local markets in the city of Alzawia, west of Tripoli, Libya. The results reveal isolation of 113 isolates belonging to nine genera: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Mucor, Scopulariopsis and Cladosporum. Approximately 24 species were identified to belong to those isolated genera, several of which are known as main producer of mycotoxins especially A. flavus which are known to produce aflatoxins, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonarious, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium verrucosum known to produce ochratoxin and Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium chlamydosporum known to produce fumonisins and trichothecenes. Certainly, the occurrence of such types of mycotoxins can pose a health threatening risk for the consumer of those food items. Presence of these fungi in food products could be due to lack of good agriculture and food manufacturing practices throughout the food chain.
• Key words: Couscous, macaroni, wheat flour, rice, fungi, Libya.

Abstract- Botryodiplodia sp. AUMC 9468 was isolated in pure culture from canker on Ficus benjamina, on side of Ibraheemia bank stream at Assiut governorate, Egypt. The analysis of growth condition suggested the trees were stressed induced by light, nutrient and medium factors. This report is the first for Botryodiplodia canker on F. benjamina in Egypt. The pathogenicity test were resulted on that the fungus was introduced with the trees, penetrated through bark wounds, and incubated under conditions stressful to the well-being of the tree.

Keywords- Canker,Ficus benjamina, Botryodiplodia.